东北植被区划及其分布格局

图1 东北植被区划示意图。 审图号: GS (2010) 1351号

Fig. 1 Schematic map of vegetation regionalization of Nor- theast China.

图1 东北植被区划示意图。 审图号: GS (2010) 1351号

Fig. 1 Schematic map of vegetation regionalization of Nor- theast China.

表1 主成分分析系数矩阵

Table 1 Parameters matrix of principle component analysis (PCA)

主成分1PCA 1 主成分2PCA 2 主成分3PCA 3 最高温度 Maximum temperature 0.90 0.37 0.03 最低温度 Minimum temperature 0.95 0.24 0.02 平均温度 Average temperature 0.94 0.31 0.01 积温 Accumulated temperature 0.90 0.29 -0.26 降水量 Precipitation 0.41 -0.71 0.44 蒸发量 Evaporation 0.03 0.83 -0.36 距海距离 Distance to sea -0.74 -0.11 -0.58 海拔 Altitude -0.57 0.57 0.45 地下水深度 Depth of groundwater -0.43 0.82 0.15 土壤类型 Soil type -0.34 0.75 0.30

表1 主成分分析系数矩阵

Table 1 Parameters matrix of principle component analysis (PCA)

主成分1PCA 1 主成分2PCA 2 主成分3PCA 3 最高温度 Maximum temperature 0.90 0.37 0.03 最低温度 Minimum temperature 0.95 0.24 0.02 平均温度 Average temperature 0.94 0.31 0.01 积温 Accumulated temperature 0.90 0.29 -0.26 降水量 Precipitation 0.41 -0.71 0.44 蒸发量 Evaporation 0.03 0.83 -0.36 距海距离 Distance to sea -0.74 -0.11 -0.58 海拔 Altitude -0.57 0.57 0.45 地下水深度 Depth of groundwater -0.43 0.82 0.15 土壤类型 Soil type -0.34 0.75 0.30

图2 内蒙古草原区、松辽平原区、东北东部林区各地点的聚类分布图。AD, 安达市; BC, 白城市; BLYQ, 巴林右旗; BLZQ, 巴林左旗; BP, 北票市; BX, 本溪市; CC, 长春市; CL, 长岭县; CT, 昌图县; DD, 丹东市; DH, 敦化市; DM, 杜尔伯特蒙古族自治县; DN, 东宁县; DWQ, 东乌珠穆沁旗; FS, 抚松县; FX, 阜新市; FY, 扶余县; FZ, 方正县; HL1, 海伦市; HL2, 和龙市; HN1, 桦南县; HN2, 辉南县; JC, 建昌县; JH, 蛟河市; JL, 吉林市; JP, 建平县; KL, 开鲁县; KLQ, 库伦旗; KP, 康平县; KSKT, 克什克腾旗; KYZQ, 科尔沁右翼中旗; KZZQ, 科尔沁左翼中旗; LB, 萝北县; LH, 柳河县; LX, 林西县; ML, 穆棱市; NA, 宁安市; NM, 奈曼旗; NJ, 嫩江县; PJ, 盘锦市; QG, 前郭县; SL1, 舒兰县; SL2, 双辽市; SW, 孙吴县; SY, 沈阳市; SZ, 尚志市; TL1, 铁力市; TL2, 泰来县; TY, 通榆县; WLHT, 乌兰浩特市; XF, 西丰县; XLHT, 锡林浩特市; XM, 新民市; XWQ, 西乌珠穆沁旗; YC, 伊春市; YL, 依兰县; YS, 榆树市; ZD, 肇东县; ZLTQ, 扎鲁特旗; ZH, 庄河县; ZW, 彰武县; ZZ, 肇州县。

Fig. 2 The cluster pattern of Inner Mongolia steppe, Songliao Plain, and eastern forest of Northeast China. AD, Anda City; BC, Baicheng City; BLYQ, Bairin Youqi; BLZQ, Bairin Zuoqi; BP, Beipiao City; BX, Benxi City; CC, Changchun City; CL, Changling County; CT, Changtu County; DD, Dandong City; DH, Dunhua City; DM, Dorbod Mongolzu Autonomous County; DN, Dongning County; DWQ, Dong Ujimqin Qi; FS, Fusong County; FX, Fuxin City; FY, Fuyu County; FZ, Fangzheng County; HL1, Hailun City; HL2, Helong City; HN1, Huanan County; HN2, Huinan County; JC, Jiangchang County; JH, Jiaohe City; JL, Jilin City; JP, Jiangping County; KL, Kailu County; KLQ, Hure Qi; KP, Kangping County; KSKT, Hexigten Qi; KYZQ, Horqin Youyi Zhongqi; KZZQ, Horqin Zuoyi Zhongqi; LB, Luobei County; LH, Liuhe County; LX, Linxi County; ML, Muling City; NA, Ning’an City; NM, Naiman Qi; NJ, Nenjiang County; PJ, Panjin City; QG, Qianguo County; SL1, Shulan County; SL2, Shuangliao City; SW, Sunwu County; SY, Shenyang City; SZ, Shangzhi City; TL1, Tieli City; TL2, Tailai County; TY, Tongyu County; WLHT, Ullanhot City; XF, Xifeng County; XLHT, Xilinhot City; XM, Xinmin City; XWQ, Xi Ujimqin Qi; YC, Yichun City; YL, Yilan County; YS, Yushu City; ZD, Zhaodong County; ZLTQ, Jarud Qi; ZH, Zhuanghe County; ZW, Zhangwu County; ZZ, Zhaozhou County.

图2 内蒙古草原区、松辽平原区、东北东部林区各地点的聚类分布图。AD, 安达市; BC, 白城市; BLYQ, 巴林右旗; BLZQ, 巴林左旗; BP, 北票市; BX, 本溪市; CC, 长春市; CL, 长岭县; CT, 昌图县; DD, 丹东市; DH, 敦化市; DM, 杜尔伯特蒙古族自治县; DN, 东宁县; DWQ, 东乌珠穆沁旗; FS, 抚松县; FX, 阜新市; FY, 扶余县; FZ, 方正县; HL1, 海伦市; HL2, 和龙市; HN1, 桦南县; HN2, 辉南县; JC, 建昌县; JH, 蛟河市; JL, 吉林市; JP, 建平县; KL, 开鲁县; KLQ, 库伦旗; KP, 康平县; KSKT, 克什克腾旗; KYZQ, 科尔沁右翼中旗; KZZQ, 科尔沁左翼中旗; LB, 萝北县; LH, 柳河县; LX, 林西县; ML, 穆棱市; NA, 宁安市; NM, 奈曼旗; NJ, 嫩江县; PJ, 盘锦市; QG, 前郭县; SL1, 舒兰县; SL2, 双辽市; SW, 孙吴县; SY, 沈阳市; SZ, 尚志市; TL1, 铁力市; TL2, 泰来县; TY, 通榆县; WLHT, 乌兰浩特市; XF, 西丰县; XLHT, 锡林浩特市; XM, 新民市; XWQ, 西乌珠穆沁旗; YC, 伊春市; YL, 依兰县; YS, 榆树市; ZD, 肇东县; ZLTQ, 扎鲁特旗; ZH, 庄河县; ZW, 彰武县; ZZ, 肇州县。

Fig. 2 The cluster pattern of Inner Mongolia steppe, Songliao Plain, and eastern forest of Northeast China. AD, Anda City; BC, Baicheng City; BLYQ, Bairin Youqi; BLZQ, Bairin Zuoqi; BP, Beipiao City; BX, Benxi City; CC, Changchun City; CL, Changling County; CT, Changtu County; DD, Dandong City; DH, Dunhua City; DM, Dorbod Mongolzu Autonomous County; DN, Dongning County; DWQ, Dong Ujimqin Qi; FS, Fusong County; FX, Fuxin City; FY, Fuyu County; FZ, Fangzheng County; HL1, Hailun City; HL2, Helong City; HN1, Huanan County; HN2, Huinan County; JC, Jiangchang County; JH, Jiaohe City; JL, Jilin City; JP, Jiangping County; KL, Kailu County; KLQ, Hure Qi; KP, Kangping County; KSKT, Hexigten Qi; KYZQ, Horqin Youyi Zhongqi; KZZQ, Horqin Zuoyi Zhongqi; LB, Luobei County; LH, Liuhe County; LX, Linxi County; ML, Muling City; NA, Ning’an City; NM, Naiman Qi; NJ, Nenjiang County; PJ, Panjin City; QG, Qianguo County; SL1, Shulan County; SL2, Shuangliao City; SW, Sunwu County; SY, Shenyang City; SZ, Shangzhi City; TL1, Tieli City; TL2, Tailai County; TY, Tongyu County; WLHT, Ullanhot City; XF, Xifeng County; XLHT, Xilinhot City; XM, Xinmin City; XWQ, Xi Ujimqin Qi; YC, Yichun City; YL, Yilan County; YS, Yushu City; ZD, Zhaodong County; ZLTQ, Jarud Qi; ZH, Zhuanghe County; ZW, Zhangwu County; ZZ, Zhaozhou County.

图3 东北及周边地势。

Fig. 3 The physiognomy of Northeast China and surroundings.

图3 东北及周边地势。

Fig. 3 The physiognomy of Northeast China and surroundings.

图4 松嫩平原的植被分布(修改自李崇皜等, 1982)。垂直断线格表示尽管为不同群丛, 仍为相同的植被亚型。植被: 1, 森林(蒙古栎群丛、山杏群丛); 2, 草甸(杂类草群丛、拂子茅群丛、小叶章群丛、薹草群丛、芦苇群丛); 3, 羊草群落; 4, 针茅群落; 土壤: 1, 森林土(粗骨暗棕色森林土、生草暗棕色森林土); 2, 黑钙土(碳酸盐草甸黑钙土、草甸黑钙土、淋溶黑钙土、沙地原始黑钙土); 3, 草甸土、沼泽土(碳酸盐草甸土、潜育草甸土、暗色草甸土、柱状草甸碱土、草甸沼泽土、腐殖质沼泽土); 4, 黑土。CCZ, 长春镇; CSP, 成山堡; LD, 林甸; LH, 龙河; LJDG, 廉家大沟; LYG, 老云沟; NMEH, 那莫尔河; NJ, 嫩江; HWYNC, 红五月农场; QF, 乾丰; QQHE, 齐齐哈尔; TNH, 通南河; WJG, 温家沟; WYEH, 乌裕尔河; XKL, 小克林; YA, 依安。

Fig. 4 The vegetation distribution of Songnen Plain (Revised from Li et al., 1982). The boxes with vertical dash line indicate different associations but the same subvegetation type. Vegetation: 1, forest (Ass. Quercus mongolica; Ass. Prumus sibirica); 2, meadow (Ass. forb, Ass. Calamagrostis adans, Ass. Calamagrostis amgustifolia, Ass. Carex sp., Ass. Phragmites communis); 3, Leymus chinensis community; 4, Stipa capillata community; Soil: 1, forest soil; 2, chernozem soil; 3, meadow soil and boggy soil; 4, black soil. CCZ, Changchun Zhen; CSP, Chengshanpu; LD, Lindian; LH, Longhe; LJDG, Lianjia Dagou; LYG, Laoyun Gou; NMEH, Namo’er He; NJ, Nenjiang; HWYNC, Hongwuyue Nongchang; QF, Qianfeng; QQHE, Qiqihar; TNH, Tongnan He; WJG, Wenjia Gou; WYEH, Wuyuer He; XKL, Xiaoke Lin;YA,Yi’an.

图4 松嫩平原的植被分布(修改自李崇皜等, 1982)。垂直断线格表示尽管为不同群丛, 仍为相同的植被亚型。植被: 1, 森林(蒙古栎群丛、山杏群丛); 2, 草甸(杂类草群丛、拂子茅群丛、小叶章群丛、薹草群丛、芦苇群丛); 3, 羊草群落; 4, 针茅群落; 土壤: 1, 森林土(粗骨暗棕色森林土、生草暗棕色森林土); 2, 黑钙土(碳酸盐草甸黑钙土、草甸黑钙土、淋溶黑钙土、沙地原始黑钙土); 3, 草甸土、沼泽土(碳酸盐草甸土、潜育草甸土、暗色草甸土、柱状草甸碱土、草甸沼泽土、腐殖质沼泽土); 4, 黑土。CCZ, 长春镇; CSP, 成山堡; LD, 林甸; LH, 龙河; LJDG, 廉家大沟; LYG, 老云沟; NMEH, 那莫尔河; NJ, 嫩江; HWYNC, 红五月农场; QF, 乾丰; QQHE, 齐齐哈尔; TNH, 通南河; WJG, 温家沟; WYEH, 乌裕尔河; XKL, 小克林; YA, 依安。

Fig. 4 The vegetation distribution of Songnen Plain (Revised from Li et al., 1982). The boxes with vertical dash line indicate different associations but the same subvegetation type. Vegetation: 1, forest (Ass. Quercus mongolica; Ass. Prumus sibirica); 2, meadow (Ass. forb, Ass. Calamagrostis adans, Ass. Calamagrostis amgustifolia, Ass. Carex sp., Ass. Phragmites communis); 3, Leymus chinensis community; 4, Stipa capillata community; Soil: 1, forest soil; 2, chernozem soil; 3, meadow soil and boggy soil; 4, black soil. CCZ, Changchun Zhen; CSP, Chengshanpu; LD, Lindian; LH, Longhe; LJDG, Lianjia Dagou; LYG, Laoyun Gou; NMEH, Namo’er He; NJ, Nenjiang; HWYNC, Hongwuyue Nongchang; QF, Qianfeng; QQHE, Qiqihar; TNH, Tongnan He; WJG, Wenjia Gou; WYEH, Wuyuer He; XKL, Xiaoke Lin;YA,Yi’an.

图5 大兴安岭南部植被类型分布图(修改自张新时等, 2007)。

Fig. 5 Vegetation distribution of south Da Hinggan Mountains (Revised from Zhang et al., 2007).

图5 大兴安岭南部植被类型分布图(修改自张新时等, 2007)。

Fig. 5 Vegetation distribution of south Da Hinggan Mountains (Revised from Zhang et al., 2007).

图6 东北地形地势剖面图。自呼伦湖(左侧)至长白山天池(右侧), 指示植被类型随海拔的分布。

Fig. 6 The section chart of topography of Northeast China. From Tian Lake of Changbai Mountain (right) to Hulun Lake (left), indicating the vegetation distribution along altitude.

图6 东北地形地势剖面图。自呼伦湖(左侧)至长白山天池(右侧), 指示植被类型随海拔的分布。

Fig. 6 The section chart of topography of Northeast China. From Tian Lake of Changbai Mountain (right) to Hulun Lake (left), indicating the vegetation distribution along altitude.

图7 东北植被的海拔地带性分布规律(图中的黑折线为大兴安岭和七老图山脊线)。 审图号: GS (2010) 1351号

Fig. 7 Distribution pattern of altitude zonation of vegetation in Northeast China (black broken line indicate the ridge of Da Hinggan Mountains and Qilaotu Mountains).

图7 东北植被的海拔地带性分布规律(图中的黑折线为大兴安岭和七老图山脊线)。 审图号: GS (2010) 1351号

Fig. 7 Distribution pattern of altitude zonation of vegetation in Northeast China (black broken line indicate the ridge of Da Hinggan Mountains and Qilaotu Mountains).

图8 草甸中生长的柳树(2009年秋周道玮摄于吉林省长岭镇北20 km)。

Fig. 8 The Salix sp. growing in meadow (Photographed by ZHOU Dao-Wei at 20 km north to Changling Town of Jilin Province in autumn, 2009).

图8 草甸中生长的柳树(2009年秋周道玮摄于吉林省长岭镇北20 km)。

Fig. 8 The Salix sp. growing in meadow (Photographed by ZHOU Dao-Wei at 20 km north to Changling Town of Jilin Province in autumn, 2009).